We proposed a fast and temperature self-compensation method to detect streptomycin sulfate aqueous solution concentration based on two-dimensional (2D) Nb2CTX MXene nanosheets functionalized tilted fiber Bragg grating (N-TFBG). The introduction of 2D Nb2CTX MXene nanosheets brought more than 100% increase in sensitivity and exhibited a high sensitivity of 253.8 pm∙mg-1∙mL-1 and a detection limit of 80 µg/mL in range of 0.2–0.8 mg/mL. Due to high sensitivity and compact structure, the N-TFBG sensor has a faster measure speed than previous method. Additionally, the sensor has simultaneous temperature measurement by detecting the cladding mode and the core mode resonance peak simultaneously. Our research will supply a new research platform for online detection of streptomycin sulfate concentration.