To address the considerable complexity of the successive cancellation list flip (SCLF) decoding algorithm for polar codes, a partitioned parity check (PC)-aided SCLF decoding algorithm for polar codes based on error distribution of the critical set (CS) (ED-PC-SCLF decoding algorithm) is proposed. The algorithm segments polar codes into several partitions, considering the cumulative likelihood of the initial erroneous occurrence within the CS. For each partition, PC codes are employed to detect and flip the erroneous non-frozen bits. To improve the competitiveness of the correct path, path pruning during decoding is incorporated to only retain the best path per partition, thus the bit-flipping accuracy is enhanced. Additionally, a new partition of the flip set is designed according to re-decoding iterations. The experimental results reveal that the proposed ED-PC-SCLF decoding algorithm is superior to the dynamic SCLF (D-SCLF) decoding algorithm and the SCLF based on distributed parity check codes (DPC-SCLF) decoding algorithm in both the error correction performance and the complexity.